Against the Gods

In 'Against the Gods,' Peter L. Bernstein delves into the fascinating history of risk and its profound impact on human civilization. From ancient times when superstitions ruled decision-making, to the modern era of statistical analyses and financial markets, Bernstein chronicles humanity's evolving relationship with uncertainty. He explores how our attempts to quantify risk have reshaped economies, inspired innovations, and even led to catastrophic failures. With captivating anecdotes and insights, the book challenges readers to reconsider their perceptions of chance and control. This is not just a history book; it's an exploration of the factors that drive fortune and folly in our lives.

By Peter L. Bernstein

Published: 1998

Against the GodsBook binding

Start Listening

Play Preview

You might also like →

The Lessons of HistoryBook binding

The Lessons of History

Will Durant, Ariel Durant

Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral EconomicsBook binding

Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics

Richard H. Thaler

The Rational OptimistBook binding

The Rational Optimist

Matt Ridley

Andy GroveBook binding

Andy Grove

Richard S. Tedlow

A History of Economic TheoryBook binding

A History of Economic Theory

Jürg Niehans

A Brief History of Everything (20th Anniversary Edition)Book binding

A Brief History of Everything (20th Anniversary Edition)

Ken Wilber

A People's History of the United StatesBook binding

A People's History of the United States

Howard Zinn

The History of MoneyBook binding

The History of Money

Jack Weatherford

History of Western PhilosophyBook binding

History of Western Philosophy

Bertrand Russell

A Short History of Financial EuphoriaBook binding

A Short History of Financial Euphoria

John Kenneth Galbraith

Book Collections you might like →

Neil deGrasse Tyson's Book Recommendations

Neil deGrasse Tyson's Book Recommendations

Neil deGrasse Tyson is a renowned astrophysicist, author, and science communicator, best known for his work in popularizing science through various media. As the director of the Hayden Planetarium in New York City, he has played a pivotal role in bringing astronomical discoveries to the public. Tyson has authored several bestselling books, including "Astrophysics for People in a Hurry" and "The Pluto Files," which have made complex scientific concepts accessible to a broad audience. He is also the host of the popular science TV show "Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey," a continuation of Carl Sagan's groundbreaking series. Tyson's contributions have significantly enhanced public understanding and appreciation of the universe.

View Collection
David Heinemeier Hansson's Book Recommendations

David Heinemeier Hansson's Book Recommendations

David Heinemeier Hansson, also known as DHH, is a Danish programmer, entrepreneur, and author, best known as the creator of Ruby on Rails, a popular web application framework. Heinemeier Hansson is also a partner at Basecamp, a project management and collaboration software company he co-founded. His contributions to software development have earned him widespread recognition, with Ruby on Rails being used by thousands of developers and companies worldwide. Heinemeier Hansson is also a vocal advocate for remote work, simplicity in business, and sustainable work practices, ideas he explores in his bestselling books Rework and It Doesn’t Have to Be Crazy at Work. In addition to his work in tech, he is an accomplished race car driver, having competed in the 24 Hours of Le Mans. Heinemeier Hansson’s approach to work-life balance and entrepreneurship has made him a thought leader in the tech community, where he continues to challenge traditional business practices and advocate for more human-centered approaches to work

View Collection
Brandon Stanton's Book Recommendations

Brandon Stanton's Book Recommendations

Brandon Stanton is an American photographer and author, best known for creating Humans of New York, a photography project that shares the personal stories of everyday people. Through his portraits and interviews, Stanton captures the diverse experiences of people in New York City and around the world, offering intimate insights into their lives. Humans of New York has become a global phenomenon, with millions of followers on social media and several best-selling books. Stanton’s work has expanded beyond photography to include fundraising campaigns that have raised millions of dollars for individuals and charitable causes. His ability to connect with people and share their stories has made him one of the most impactful storytellers of his generation.

View Collection
Naval Ravikant's Book Recommendations

Naval Ravikant's Book Recommendations

Naval Ravikant is an entrepreneur, angel investor, and philosopher, best known as the co-founder of AngelList, a platform that connects startups with investors. Ravikant is a prolific thinker and writer on topics such as startups, investing, and personal well-being, sharing his wisdom through essays, podcasts, and social media. He has invested in over 100 companies, including Uber, Twitter, and Yammer, making him one of Silicon Valley’s most successful angel investors. Ravikant is also known for his philosophical musings on wealth, happiness, and the meaning of life, which have garnered him a large and dedicated following.

View Collection
Marc Andreessen's Book Recommendations

Marc Andreessen's Book Recommendations

Marc Andreessen is an American entrepreneur, software engineer, and venture capitalist, best known for co-creating the Mosaic web browser, the first widely-used web browser, and co-founding Netscape. Andreessen is also the co-founder of Andreessen Horowitz, one of Silicon Valley’s most prominent venture capital firms, where he invests in groundbreaking technology companies like Facebook, Airbnb, and Coinbase. He is a thought leader on the impact of technology and innovation, often sharing his views on the future of the internet and startups. His contributions to the development of the web and the tech ecosystem have made him one of the most influential figures in technology.

View Collection
Michael Burry's Book Recommendations

Michael Burry's Book Recommendations

Michael Burry is an American investor, hedge fund manager, and physician who gained widespread recognition for his prescient prediction of the subprime mortgage crisis, which he detailed in his now-famous bet against the housing market. This bold move was chronicled in Michael Lewis's bestselling book "The Big Short," and later adapted into an Oscar-winning film of the same name. Burry founded the hedge fund Scion Capital, which he ran from 2000 to 2008, generating substantial profits for his investors. Beyond his investment acumen, Burry is known for his deep analytical approach and his contributions to financial literature through various articles and public commentary. His work continues to influence and inspire both financial professionals and enthusiasts.

View Collection
Howard Marks's Book Recommendations

Howard Marks's Book Recommendations

Howard Marks was a renowned Welsh author and drug smuggler, best known for his bestselling autobiography, "Mr Nice," published in 1996. The book chronicles his complex life, from Oxford University graduate to one of the world's most infamous cannabis traffickers. Marks' candid storytelling and unique perspective earned him a cult following and critical acclaim, transforming him into a counterculture icon. He further contributed to literature with several other works, including "Señor Nice" and "Sympathy for the Devil." Marks' legacy continues to influence discussions on drug policy and the criminal justice system.

View Collection
Ben Shapiro's Book Recommendations

Ben Shapiro's Book Recommendations

Ben Shapiro is an American conservative political commentator, author, and lawyer, known for his sharp analytical skills and outspoken views. He graduated from UCLA at the age of 20 and Harvard Law School at 23, demonstrating his early intellectual prowess. Shapiro is the author of several best-selling books including "Bullies: How the Left's Culture of Fear and Intimidation Silences Americans" and "The Right Side of History: How Reason and Moral Purpose Made the West Great." He is the co-founder and editor emeritus of The Daily Wire, a popular conservative news and opinion website. Through his writing and media presence, Shapiro has significantly influenced contemporary political discourse in the United States.

View Collection
Jason Zweig's Book Recommendations

Jason Zweig's Book Recommendations

Jason Zweig is a renowned financial journalist and author, best known for his insightful writings on personal finance and investing. He has been a long-time columnist for The Wall Street Journal, where his "The Intelligent Investor" column has garnered a wide readership. Zweig is also the author of several influential books, including "Your Money and Your Brain," which explores the neuroscience behind financial decision-making. He played a pivotal role in updating and annotating Benjamin Graham's classic, "The Intelligent Investor," making it accessible to modern readers. His work has significantly contributed to the public's understanding of behavioral finance and prudent investment strategies.

View Collection
Nassim Nicholas Taleb's Book Recommendations

Nassim Nicholas Taleb's Book Recommendations

Nassim Nicholas Taleb is a Lebanese-American author, scholar, and risk analyst, best known for his work on uncertainty, probability, and risk. His books, including The Black Swan and Antifragile, explore how rare and unpredictable events shape the world and how individuals and systems can become more resilient to shocks. Taleb’s insights on risk management have influenced fields ranging from finance to medicine, and he is known for his outspoken criticism of conventional wisdom. His ideas about randomness, decision-making, and the limitations of human knowledge have made him a leading thinker in modern economics and philosophy.

View Collection
Brad Feld's Book Recommendations

Brad Feld's Book Recommendations

Brad Feld is a prominent American entrepreneur, venture capitalist, and author known for his influential work in the startup ecosystem. Co-founder of the Foundry Group, he has played a pivotal role in funding and mentoring early-stage technology companies. Feld is also a key figure behind the Techstars accelerator program, which has helped launch numerous successful startups. As an author, he has penned several essential books on entrepreneurship and venture capital, including "Venture Deals" and "Startup Communities," which provide invaluable insights for aspiring entrepreneurs and investors. His writings and active blogging have cemented his reputation as a thought leader in the tech and startup communities.

View Collection
Jackie Vullinghs's Book Recommendations

Jackie Vullinghs's Book Recommendations

Jackie Vullinghs is a venture capitalist and partner at AirTree Ventures, one of Australia’s leading venture firms, where she focuses on early-stage technology investments. Vullinghs has a background in finance and product management, and she is passionate about helping startups grow and scale. She invests in a wide range of sectors, including fintech, SaaS, and consumer technology. Vullinghs is also a vocal advocate for diversity in tech and venture capital, often speaking about the importance of supporting underrepresented founders. Her work in venture capital has positioned her as a key figure in the Australian startup ecosystem.

View Collection
Daniel Petre's Book Recommendations

Daniel Petre's Book Recommendations

Daniel Petre is a distinguished Australian entrepreneur, author, and philanthropist known for his impactful contributions to the business and literary worlds. He co-founded the venture capital firm AirTree Ventures, which has significantly influenced the technology startup ecosystem in Australia. Petre has authored several influential books on technology and leadership, including "The Clever Country?" and "Father Time," which explore themes of innovation and work-life balance. His writing often reflects his deep commitment to shaping a forward-thinking, inclusive society. Beyond his literary and business endeavors, Petre is also recognized for his substantial philanthropic efforts, particularly in education and healthcare.

View Collection
Elon Musk's Book Recommendations

Elon Musk's Book Recommendations

Elon Musk is an influential entrepreneur and innovator known for founding and leading several groundbreaking companies, including Tesla, SpaceX, Neuralink, and The Boring Company. He has played a pivotal role in advancing electric vehicles, space exploration, and renewable energy. Musk's vision extends to colonizing Mars and reducing the risk of human extinction through space travel. In addition to his technological contributions, he has co-authored the book "Spacex: Making Commercial Spaceflight a Reality," providing insights into his ambitious projects and vision for the future. Musk's relentless pursuit of innovation continues to shape the trajectory of multiple industries.

View Collection
Eric Weinstein's Book Recommendations

Eric Weinstein's Book Recommendations

Eric Weinstein is an accomplished American mathematician, economist, and writer, known for his influential work in the fields of geometric unity and economic theory. As the Managing Director of Thiel Capital, he has significantly impacted the financial and technological sectors. Weinstein is also renowned for his thought-provoking discussions on the podcast "The Portal," where he explores complex scientific and social issues. He has written extensively on a variety of topics, contributing to both academic and popular literature. His unique perspectives and interdisciplinary approach have earned him recognition as a leading intellectual voice of his generation.

View Collection
Bill Gates's Book Recommendations

Bill Gates's Book Recommendations

Bill Gates, co-founder of Microsoft Corporation, is a pioneering figure in the tech industry, having played a key role in the personal computer revolution. His work at Microsoft, particularly the development of Windows, transformed software and computing globally. Beyond his technology contributions, Gates is also a prolific author, with notable works such as "The Road Ahead" and "Business @ the Speed of Thought," which offer insights into the future of technology and business. Additionally, his philanthropic efforts through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation have had a profound impact on global health, education, and poverty. Gates continues to influence both technology and literature with his forward-thinking perspectives and innovative ideas.

View Collection
Noam Chomsky's Book Recommendations

Noam Chomsky's Book Recommendations

Noam Chomsky, born December 7, 1928, is an influential American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, historian, and social critic. He revolutionized the field of linguistics with his theory of generative grammar, particularly through his seminal work, "Syntactic Structures" (1957). Chomsky's contributions extend beyond linguistics to political activism, where he is known for his critiques of U.S. foreign policy and media, encapsulated in works like "Manufacturing Consent" (1988). As a professor emeritus at MIT, his interdisciplinary approach has significantly impacted cognitive science, philosophy of language, and political thought. Chomsky remains a prolific author and speaker, continuing to shape academic and public discourses.

View Collection
Sheryl Sandberg's Book Recommendations

Sheryl Sandberg's Book Recommendations

Sheryl Sandberg is the COO of Meta (formerly Facebook) and the author of the bestselling book Lean In, which encourages women to pursue leadership roles and create gender equality in the workplace. She is a prominent advocate for women’s rights, particularly in corporate environments, and has launched initiatives to support women’s empowerment globally. Sheryl’s leadership at Facebook helped the company grow into one of the world’s largest social media platforms. She is also the founder of LeanIn.Org, a nonprofit dedicated to empowering women.

View Collection
Mohnish Pabrai's Book Recommendations

Mohnish Pabrai's Book Recommendations

Mohnish Pabrai is an acclaimed investor, author, and philanthropist, best known for his investment firm, Pabrai Investment Funds, which has delivered impressive returns since its inception in 1999. He is deeply influenced by Warren Buffett and Charlie Munger, adopting their value investing principles. Pabrai authored the influential book "The Dhandho Investor," which provides insights into his unique investment philosophy drawn from the business acumen of Indian entrepreneurs. He is also a notable philanthropist, co-founding the Dakshana Foundation, which focuses on alleviating poverty through education. Pabrai's work has significantly impacted both the investment world and the field of educational philanthropy.

View Collection
Bernie Sanders's Book Recommendations

Bernie Sanders's Book Recommendations

Bernie Sanders is an American politician and U.S. Senator from Vermont, known for his progressive policies and his advocacy for economic equality. Sanders ran for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2016 and 2020, inspiring a movement with his calls for Medicare for All, free college tuition, and a $15 minimum wage. He identifies as a democratic socialist and has been a long-standing advocate for labor rights, environmental justice, and social welfare programs. Sanders’ candidacy energized a new generation of activists and has had a lasting influence on the direction of the Democratic Party. His focus on income inequality and social justice continues to shape political discourse in the U.S.

View Collection
Brian Tracy's Book Recommendations

Brian Tracy's Book Recommendations

Brian Tracy is a renowned Canadian-American motivational speaker, self-development author, and business consultant. He has written over 70 books, including bestsellers like "Eat That Frog!" and "The Psychology of Achievement," which have been translated into dozens of languages. Tracy's work primarily focuses on personal success, leadership, time management, and sales strategies. He has also delivered over 5,000 speeches and seminars around the world, inspiring millions to improve their lives and careers. His practical advice and actionable insights have cemented his reputation as a leading authority in personal and professional development.

View Collection
Benedict Evans's Book Recommendations

Benedict Evans's Book Recommendations

Benedict Evans is a renowned technology analyst and commentator, acclaimed for his insightful analyses on technology trends and their societal impacts. With a background in venture capital and strategic consulting, Evans has become a prominent voice in the tech community through his thought-provoking essays and presentations. His work often explores the intersection of mobile technology, media, and internet platforms, offering a nuanced understanding of complex tech ecosystems. Evans is widely respected for his ability to distill intricate technological developments into accessible and compelling narratives. His contributions have significantly influenced industry leaders and informed public discourse on the future of technology.

View Collection
Raoul Pal's Book Recommendations

Raoul Pal's Book Recommendations

Raoul Pal is a British economist, investment strategist, and co-founder of Real Vision, a financial media company that provides in-depth analysis of global markets and economies. Pal is known for his insights on macroeconomics, cryptocurrency, and investment trends, often sharing his expertise through interviews, reports, and documentaries. Before founding Real Vision, Pal worked at Goldman Sachs and managed a global macro hedge fund. He is a strong advocate for decentralized finance (DeFi) and frequently discusses the future of digital currencies and blockchain technology. His forward-thinking perspectives on finance have earned him a large following among investors and financial professionals.

View Collection
Stewart Brand's Book Recommendations

Stewart Brand's Book Recommendations

Stewart Brand is an influential American writer, best known for founding the Whole Earth Catalog, a publication that became a cornerstone of the counter-culture movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s. His pioneering work in promoting environmental sustainability and self-sufficiency has had a lasting impact on both literature and society. Brand is also a co-founder of The WELL, an early online community that predated the widespread use of the internet and helped shape the development of digital culture. He has authored several significant books, including "The Media Lab" and "Whole Earth Discipline," which explore technology's role in environmental and societal issues. Brand's contributions continue to influence contemporary discussions on ecology, technology, and community building.

View Collection
Keith Rabois's Book Recommendations

Keith Rabois's Book Recommendations

Keith Rabois is a prominent American entrepreneur, investor, and author known for his significant contributions to the tech industry and startup ecosystem. He played crucial roles in the early success of companies like PayPal, LinkedIn, Square, and Yelp, earning a reputation as a skilled operator and strategic thinker. As a partner at Founders Fund and later at Khosla Ventures, Rabois has invested in and advised numerous successful startups. In addition to his business ventures, he has written insightful articles and essays on technology, entrepreneurship, and innovation, contributing to the broader discourse on these subjects. Rabois continues to influence the tech world with his strategic insights and thought leadership.

View Collection
Ben Horowitz's Book Recommendations

Ben Horowitz's Book Recommendations

Ben Horowitz is a prominent American entrepreneur, investor, and author, best known for co-founding the venture capital firm Andreessen Horowitz. He made significant contributions to the tech industry through his leadership roles at Netscape and as co-founder of the software company Opsware, which was later acquired by Hewlett-Packard. Horowitz is celebrated for his insightful business book, "The Hard Thing About Hard Things," which provides candid advice on the challenges of entrepreneurship. His follow-up book, "What You Do Is Who You Are," explores the importance of company culture in business success. Horowitz's works are highly regarded for their practical wisdom and have influenced countless leaders in the tech and business communities.

View Collection
Michael Mauboussin's Book Recommendations

Michael Mauboussin's Book Recommendations

Michael Mauboussin is a renowned investment strategist and author, known for his influential work in the fields of finance and behavioral economics. He has authored several acclaimed books, including "More Than You Know: Finding Financial Wisdom in Unconventional Places" and "The Success Equation: Untangling Skill and Luck in Business, Sports, and Investing." Mauboussin serves as Head of Consilient Research at Counterpoint Global, a division of Morgan Stanley Investment Management. His insights into decision-making, market behavior, and investment strategies have made significant contributions to both academic literature and practical applications in finance. Additionally, Mauboussin is a frequent lecturer and has taught at esteemed institutions like Columbia Business School.

View Collection

Frequently Asked Questions